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Taxonomy of Anopheles
''Anopheles'' is a genus of mosquitoes (Culicidae). Of about 484 recognised species, over 100 can transmit human malaria, but only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'' that cause malaria, which affects humans in endemic areas. ''Anopheles gambiae'' is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the deadly species ''Plasmodium falciparum''.
==Classification==
The classification of this genus began in 1901 with Theobald. Despite the passage of time, the taxonomy remains incompletely settled.〔Krzywinski J. and Besansky N.J. (2003) Molecular systematics of ''Anopheles'': From Subgenera to Subpopulations. Ann. Review Entomol. Vol. 48: 111-139〕〔Foley D.H., Bryan J.H., Yeates D. and Saul A. (1998) Evolution and systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a molecular phylogeny of Australasian mosquitoes. Mol. Phylo. Evol. 9 (2) 262-275〕〔Calle DA, Quiñones ML, Erazo HF, Jaramillo N.(2008) Differentiation by geometric morphometrics among 11 Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) in Colombia Biomedica. 28(3):371-385〕 Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics - wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, and chromosome structure, and more recently on DNA sequences.〔Rattanarithikul R., Harrison B.A., Harbach R.E., Panthusiri P., Coleman R.E., Panthusiri P. (2006) Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. ''Anopheles''. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 37 Suppl 2:1-128〕〔Sedaghat M.M., Harbach R.E. (2005) An annotated checklist of the ''Anopheles'' mosquitoes (''Diptera'': ''Culicidae'') in Iran. J Vector Ecol. 30(2):272-276〕〔Walton C, Somboon P, O'Loughlin SM, Zhang S, Harbach RE, Linton YM, Chen B, Nolan K, Duong S, Fong MY, Vythilingum I, Mohammed ZD, Trung HD, Butlin RK (2007) Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the ''Anopheles maculatus'' group using the ITS2 region of rDNA. Infect Genet Evol. 7(1):93-102〕〔Garros C, Harbach RE, Manguin S. (2005) Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of ''Anopheles'' (''Cellia''). J Med Entomol. 42(4):522-536〕
The genus ''Anopheles'' belongs to a subfamily Anophelinae with three genera: ''Anopheles'' Meigen (nearly worldwide distribution), ''Bironella'' Theobald (Australia only: 11 described species) and ''Chagasia'' Cruz (Neotropics: four described species). The genus ''Bironella'' has been divided into three subgenera: ''Bironella'' Theobald (two species), ''Brugella'' Edwards (three species) and ''Neobironella'' Tenorio (three species). ''Bironella'' appears to be the sister taxon to the ''Anopheles'', with ''Chagasia'' forming the outgroup in this subfamily.
The type species of the genus is ''Anopheles maculipennis''.
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